Diseases & Conditions

Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes chickenpox. It is characterised by a painful, blistering rash that typically appears on one side of the body and can lead to complications such as postherpetic neuralgia. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing the symptoms and reducing the risk of complications.

Scarlet fever is a highly contagious bacterial illness that primarily affects children aged 5 to 15. It is caused by group A Streptococcus (GAS) bacteria and is characterised by a distinctive red rash, high fever, and sore throat. Early scarlet fever diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are essential to prevent complications and spread of the infection.

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the skin cells due to mutations in their DNA, causing uncontrolled growth and tumour formation. It is primarily categorised into melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, with the main types being basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Skin cancer stages are determined by the size and extent of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and metastasis to other parts of the body. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving patient outcomes.

A stye is a painful, red bump on the eyelid caused by a bacterial infection of the oil glands. It can occur externally, at the base of the eyelash, or internally, within the tarsal plate of the eyelid. It is a common eye problem that can usually be managed at home, but some cases may require treatment by a doctor. Symptoms include eyelid swelling, redness, pain, and the formation of a small pustule.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive type of lung cancer that originates in the tissues of the lung, and is characterised by the rapid and uncontrolled growth of certain cells forming tumours. SCLC, also known as small cell carcinoma or oat cell cancer, can quickly spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms may include persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and weight loss.

Stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to brain damage, disability, or even death. There are three main types of stroke: ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Recognising the symptoms of stroke and seeking prompt medical attention is crucial for the best possible outcome.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection that can cause serious health problems if left untreated. It progresses through four stages, each with distinct symptoms, and can be transmitted through sexual contact or from an infected mother to her unborn child. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications and transmission to others.

Substance use disorder is a complex mental disorder that affects millions worldwide, characterised by the uncontrolled use of substances despite harmful consequences. It can lead to addiction, health problems, and social issues and is often linked to mental health disorders. Substance use disorder is treatable, and understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for effective management.

Schizophrenia is a serious mental health condition that affects a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. It is a long-term condition that can cause various psychological symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Schizophrenia affects about 221 in every 100,000 people worldwide and typically emerges in the late teens to early thirties.

Sinusitis, or sinus infection, is a common condition characterised by inflammation of the sinuses. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or allergies, leading to symptoms such as facial pain, nasal congestion, and headaches. Sinusitis is classified into various types based on the duration and cause of the condition.