Diseases & Conditions

Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumour that develops in the pancreas, an organ responsible for producing digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin. It is a serious condition that can spread to other parts of the body if not detected and treated early. Understanding the stages of pancreatic cancer is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment plan and prognosis.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a condition characterised by open sores in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or lower oesophagus. It is commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Symptoms include burning or gnawing stomach pain, and treatment typically involves antibiotics, acid-reducing medications, and lifestyle changes.

Prostate cancer is a common type of cancer that develops in the prostate gland, a small walnut-sized gland in males located below the bladder. It is characterised by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate and often begins without symptoms. The TNM staging system is used to classify prostate cancer into different stages based on the extent of the tumour, involvement of lymph nodes, and presence of metastases. Early detection through regular screening is crucial for effective treatment and improved survival rates.

Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune disorder that hinders the body's ability to absorb vitamin B12, leading to a deficiency. It is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for B12 absorption, resulting in decreased red blood cell production. Symptoms may develop slowly and worsen over time, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent serious complications.

Paediatric brain tumours are abnormal growths of cells in the brain that occur in children. These tumours can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and include various types such as gliomas, ependymomas, embryonal tumours, craniopharyngiomas, germ cell tumours, choroid plexus tumours, and spinal cord tumours. Symptoms may vary depending on the tumour's location and size, and treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe and progressive condition characterised by elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries. Left untreated, pulmonary arterial hypertension can lead to right heart failure and potentially fatal outcomes, making early diagnosis and treatment crucial.

Peripheral artery disease is a condition that occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the limbs become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow. It most commonly affects the legs and can cause pain, cramping, and fatigue when walking or exercising. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, medications, and surgical procedures.

Prolactinoma is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that produces excessive amounts of the hormone prolactin. It is the most common type of pituitary tumor and can cause symptoms such as infertility, irregular periods, and decreased libido. Treatment options include medication, surgery, and radiation therapy, depending on the size and severity of the tumor.

Phantom limb pain is a condition where individuals experience pain, sensations, or other feelings in a body part that has been amputated or removed. It most commonly occurs after limb amputation but can also involve other removed body parts. The pain and sensations can vary in type, duration, and intensity and may be triggered by various factors.

Periodontal (gum) disease is a common dental condition that affects the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. It is caused by a buildup of plaque and bacteria, leading to inflammation, infection, and potential tooth loss if left untreated. Symptoms of periodontal disease include red, swollen, and bleeding gums, as well as bad breath and tooth sensitivity.