Diseases & Conditions

Dementia is a term used to describe a group of neurological disorders that affect cognitive functioning, memory, and the ability to perform daily activities. It is caused by several underlying diseases or injuries that progressively destroy nerve cells and damage the brain, leading to significant cognitive decline beyond what is expected from normal ageing. Dementia has substantial physical, psychological, social, and economic impacts on individuals, their caregivers, families, and society as a whole.

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare condition where the body cannot regulate fluid levels properly, leading to excessive thirst and large volumes of dilute urine. DI is related to issues with the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps the kidneys reabsorb water back into the bloodstream. There are different types of DI, including central DI, caused by insufficient ADH production, and nephrogenic DI, caused by the kidneys' inability to respond to ADH.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by elevated blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin action. It can lead to severe complications if left untreated and is classified into three main types: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Proper management through lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring is crucial for preventing complications and maintaining overall health.

Dermatomyositis is a rare inflammatory condition that affects the muscles and skin, causing weakness and a distinctive rash. It is an autoimmune disorder, meaning the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. While the exact cause is unknown, early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Dysentery is a gastrointestinal disorder characterised by bloody diarrhoea, typically caused by bacterial or parasitic infections. It can lead to severe dehydration and other complications if not properly managed, with symptoms including fever, abdominal pain, and a feeling of incomplete defecation. Prompt medical attention and treatment are essential for preventing the spread of infection and promoting recovery.

Diabetic eye disease is a group of eye conditions that can develop in people with diabetes due to prolonged high blood sugar levels. These conditions, including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, cataracts, and glaucoma, can cause vision problems and even blindness if left untreated. Regular eye exams and maintaining good blood sugar control are crucial for preventing and managing diabetic eye disease.

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection that causes flu-like symptoms and can lead to severe complications. It is caused by one of four types of dengue viruses transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. Symptoms include high fever, headache, eye pain, muscle and joint pain, nausea, vomiting, and skin rash, lasting 2-7 days. While there is no specific treatment, early detection and supportive care can help manage the disease effectively.

Depression is a serious mental health condition characterised by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities, affecting how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily life. It is a chronic condition that can undermine relationships, work, and overall health. There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, postpartum depression, seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder, and depression with psychosis.

Dentin hypersensitivity is a common dental problem characterised by sharp, temporary pain or discomfort in one or more teeth when exposed to certain stimuli. It occurs when the underlying layer of the teeth, known as dentin, becomes exposed due to factors such as erosion or gum recession. Treatment options vary depending on the severity and cause of the dentin hypersensitivity and may include desensitising toothpaste, fluoride gel, dental bonding, or root canal therapy.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, also known as dry eye, is a common eye condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly. This leads to dryness, discomfort, and potential vision problems. Dry eye can be caused by various factors, including age, certain medications, and underlying health conditions.