Musculoskeletal

Gout, a form of inflammatory arthritis, occurs when uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints, causing severe pain, swelling, and redness. It is a chronic condition that can cause recurrent episodes of acute joint pain and, if left untreated, may result in permanent joint damage. Gout in the foot is often managed through lifestyle changes, medications, and, in some cases, surgery.

Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disorder characterised by softening and weakening of bones due to impaired bone mineralisation. It primarily affects adults and is often caused by inadequate levels of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. Common symptoms include bone pain, fractures, muscle weakness, and difficulty walking.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterised by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. It is a progressive condition that can be classified into different stages based on the severity of bone loss. Various types of osteoporosis exist, including primary, secondary, osteogenesis imperfecta, and idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis, each with distinct causes and characteristics. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to prevent fractures and maintain quality of life.

Muscle spasms are involuntary and painful contractions of a muscle or muscle group that can affect various parts of the body. These spasms, also known as muscle cramps, can occur due to various reasons, such as electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, muscle overuse, and underlying medical conditions. Treatment options for muscle spasms include stretching, massaging, applying heat or cold, and taking medications to manage pain and relax the affected muscles.