Interstitial nephritis

Interstitial nephritis, also known as tubulointerstitial nephritis, is a significant kidney condition that affects millions of people worldwide. While not as well-known as other kidney diseases, such as kidney stones or chronic kidney disease, interstitial nephritis can have serious consequences if left untreated. In this article, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for interstitial nephritis, providing you with the information needed to understand and manage this condition effectively.

What is Interstitial nephritis?

Interstitial nephritis is a type of kidney inflammation that specifically targets the interstitium, which is the tissue surrounding the tiny tubules within the kidneys. These tubules are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and regulating the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. When the interstitium becomes inflamed, it can disrupt the normal function of the kidney tubules, leading to various symptoms and complications.

Interstitial nephritis can be classified into two types:

• Acute interstitial nephritis: This form develops suddenly and is often caused by an allergic reaction to a medication, such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or proton pump inhibitors.

• Chronic interstitial nephritis: This form develops gradually over months or years and is usually associated with long-term exposure to certain toxins, infections, or underlying health conditions like autoimmune disorders.

The severity of interstitial nephritis can vary from mild to severe, depending on the extent of inflammation and damage to the kidney tubules.

The symptoms of interstitial nephritis can vary and may develop suddenly or gradually. Some key symptoms to be aware of include:

• Reduced urine output: You may notice a decrease in the amount of urine you produce, which can be a sign of acute kidney failure.

• Increased urine output: In some cases, you may produce excessive urine, especially at night (nocturia), and experience frequent urination.

• Nausea and vomiting: These are common symptoms that often occur along with a decrease in appetite.

• Fever and rash: A fever and rash can indicate an allergic reaction causing the interstitial nephritis.

• Itchiness: You may experience itchiness, particularly in chronic cases, which may be associated with symptoms of kidney failure.

• Fatigue and confusion: Due to the buildup of waste products in your blood, you may feel tired and confused.

• High blood pressure: Kidney damage from interstitial nephritis can lead to high blood pressure.

• Breathing difficulties: In severe cases, fluid buildup can cause respiratory issues.

Interstitial nephritis can be triggered by various factors that provoke an immune response or an allergic reaction. The primary causes include:

• Medications: Different medications can potentially induce interstitial nephritis. Common culprits include antibiotics like methicillin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, proton pump inhibitors used for acid reflux, and certain cancer immunotherapies called immune checkpoint inhibitors.

• Infections: Bacterial infections such as E. coli, viral infections like HIV and herpes, sexually transmitted infections like syphilis, parasitic infestations, and fungal infections can all lead to interstitial nephritis by triggering inflammation in the kidneys.

• Autoimmune disorders: Conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's tissues, such as sarcoidosis, Sjögren's syndrome, and lupus, are associated with an increased risk of developing interstitial nephritis.

• Environmental factors: Exposure to certain toxins or receiving radiation therapy can damage the kidneys and cause inflammation, characteristic of interstitial nephritis.

• Chronic conditions: Chronic underlying conditions, such as diabetes or hypertension, can cause chronic interstitial nephritis over time.

Various factors can increase an individual's risk of developing interstitial nephritis. These include:

• Exposure to certain medications: Medicines like antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, proton pump inhibitors, and diuretics are common culprits in medication-induced acute interstitial nephritis. People taking these medications for prolonged periods or at high doses are at higher risk.

• Having an autoimmune disorder: Conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and IgG4-related disease can lead to chronic interstitial nephritis as part of their disease process.

• Experiencing infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can trigger interstitial nephritis, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

• Exposure to toxins: Exposure to certain toxins, such as heavy metals like lead and cadmium, can damage the kidneys and cause interstitial nephritis.

• Having a family history: Some genetic conditions, such as Alport syndrome and Fabry disease, can lead to progressive interstitial nephritis.

• Older age: The risk of developing interstitial nephritis increases with age, possibly due to age-related changes in kidney function and increased medication use.

Diagnosing interstitial nephritis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Here is a closer look at the diagnostic approach:

1. Clinical evaluation

A detailed medical history is taken to identify potential causes of interstitial nephritis, including medication use and exposure to toxins. The doctor will also perform a physical examination to look for signs of kidney disease, such as swelling, rash, or changes in blood pressure.

2. Laboratory tests

• Blood tests: Blood tests are used to detect signs of kidney failure, such as elevated waste products (urea and creatinine), metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte imbalances. These tests can help assess the severity of the condition.
• Urine tests: Urine tests are performed to analyse the urine for abnormalities, including protein, blood, and white blood cells. The presence of these substances in the urine can indicate kidney inflammation.
• Kidney biopsy: A kidney biopsy is the definitive diagnostic test for interstitial nephritis. During this procedure, a small sample of kidney tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the inflammation.

3. Imaging Studies

Imaging tests may be recommended to visualise your kidneys and rule out other potential causes of your symptoms:

• Ultrasound: This non-invasive test uses sound waves to create images of your kidneys, helping to identify any structural abnormalities or obstructions.
• CT scan or MRI: These advanced imaging techniques provide more detailed pictures of your kidneys and can help detect inflammation or scarring.

The treatment for interstitial nephritis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. The key aspects of treatment include:

• Discontinuing the inducing medication: In cases of medication-induced acute interstitial nephritis, the first step is to stop the medication causing the problem. This often leads to a quick improvement in kidney function.

• Using corticosteroids: In cases where discontinuing the medication is not sufficient or if the condition is severe, corticosteroids may be used to speed up the recovery of kidney function. This is particularly effective for cases caused by allergic reactions or certain systemic disorders.

• Providing supportive care: Patients may require supportive care to manage symptoms such as fluid retention, high blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances. Limiting salt and fluid intake can help with swelling and high blood pressure, while a low-protein diet can help control the buildup of waste products in the blood.

• Dialysis or kidney transplantation: In severe cases where kidney function is significantly impaired, dialysis may be necessary to support the kidneys until they recover. In some instances, irreversible damage may require a kidney transplant.

• Anti-inflammatory medications: For some cases, other anti-inflammatory medications like cyclophosphamide may be considered if there is no response to corticosteroids within a few weeks.

• Implementing long-term management: For chronic interstitial nephritis, controlling the underlying condition and avoiding further exposure to causative agents are essential.

If you suspect that you or someone else is experiencing symptoms of interstitial nephritis, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly. Symptoms that warrant immediate medical evaluation include:

• Decreased or increased urine output

• Fever

• Rash

• Blood in the urine

• Nausea and vomiting

• Swelling and weight gain due to fluid retention

• Mental status changes, such as drowsiness or confusion

If you are taking medications and notice any of these symptoms, it is essential to inform your doctor immediately. Early recognition and discontinuation of the offending medication are critical for preventing long-term kidney damage. If you have already been diagnosed with interstitial nephritis and experience new or worsening symptoms, such as a decrease in urine output or increased alertness issues, it is important to seek medical advice without delay.

• Early recognition and intervention are critical in preventing permanent kidney damage and ensuring the best possible outcome.

• Your doctor will conduct a thorough medical history and physical examination and may order laboratory tests such as blood chemistry, urinalysis, and possibly a kidney biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment.

• If you suspect that you may have interstitial nephritis based on your symptoms or risk factors, do not hesitate to contact your doctor for a proper evaluation and appropriate management of your condition.